Home » The varieties of pacifism (Part IIA): the conflicted Quaker history

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The varieties of pacifism (Part IIA): the conflicted Quaker history — 24 Comments

  1. Friend Paul speaks my mind. I am a Quaker of the Conservative Wilburite variety. But more importantly, I am a follower of Jesus Christ. As such, I cannot engage in violent acts including war.

    The arguement, “what would you do if your mother was being raped?” is interesting. I pray that I would never be put in that situation and have to make that decision.

    However, until that time, I will keep the peace testimony for “to obey is better than sacrifice.”

    Please keep in mind that Quakers are not the only pacifists because of religious conviction. Mennonites, Church of the Brethren, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Christ Sanctified Holy Church and several Baptist groups also have this understanding.

    Should everyone just stop carrying their weapons? When William Penn asked George Fox if he should stop carrying his sword, Fox answered, “carry it as long as you can.” Indeed, pacifism is a conviction of the heart. No arguement against pacifism can override the convictions of the Holy Spirit. Friends who engage in war should be held with love and should be supported. They should not, however, be allowed to hold membership in the Religious Society of Friends. To do so would go against everything Friends believe regarding the Kingdom of God.

  2. As a Friend, if I had to sum up our Peace Testimony, I would say it is our willingness to accept suffering ourselves rather than to inflict it on others. It is the example Jesus set for us.

    That suffering may include enduring imprisonment and even death even though innocent of any crime, or living under an oppressive conditions as Friends did when they patiently endured severe corporeal and economic punishments rather than enlist in the army, pay war taxes, drill with the militia, be conscripted, pay a substitute, etc. While Friends used peaceful, political methods to partially mitigate their suffering (e.g., obtaining legal exemption of conscious objectors from conscription), they nevertheless accepted suffering themselves rather than to inflict it on others.

    Is it realistic to expect everyone to accept such suffering? Friends do not necessarily expect everyone to share our scruples in this regard. We do not condemn individuals who defend themselves with violence when necessary, or Friends who have kept our Peace Testimony inconsistently. Neither do we necessarily condemn a state that does so, even if we cannot personally participate in such conduct, if the purpose is just, the means are lawful, and innocent blood is not shed.

    Rather, we have learned from direct experience — individually and corporately — that by listening to and heeding the Inner Light (known by some as Jesus the Christ), human beings can live in a world full of injustice and violence without becoming, as Camus said, either victim or executioner. As President Bush has said, Christ can change your heart.

    Thus, when we say “War is not the Answer”, we mean that it is not the answer to any evil, whether characterized as terrorism, poverty, injustice, or war itself. We mean that war always obscures and interferes with the ability of human beings — whether aggressor, defender, or innocent victim — to hear the true Answer and therefore does not truly solve the problem. So not only does our religious experience prevent us from personally participating in war, our love for others requires us to testify that war is not the solution to their problems (and to point them to the Prince of Peace who is).

    This kind of understanding is obviously at odds with the a-theistic, secular world view that predominates the world today, a world view that denies any supernatural or eternal moral reality, that relies on human reason and technique to solve problems such as war and evil. Such a world view sees religion — and I would say human beings as well — merely as a tool to achieve certain ends rather than as an end in itself. The efforts of Osama bin Laden and George Bush to use religious language and symbols to sanctify the war they wage against other is blasphemous, though entirely logical from a secular point of view.

    Even so, we have not been called to disengage from the World, to throw up our hands and say “You’ll never understand until you’ve been converted.” We are a practical people and have worked tirelessly to improve the concrete day-to-day conditions of human beings — from ministering impartially to the victims of war to abolishing slavery to achieving the political equality of men and women. We believe things can be better even if they cannot yet be perfect.

    Regarding war, we make concrete political proposals that we believe, in good faith, will reduce the suffering that war has produced and prevent further suffering. Here is on such practical proposal on how to more effectively protect the innocent from terrorism: http://www.fcnl.org/pdfs/ppdc_booklet.pdf .

    We are engaged in the political conversation, but our Peace Testimony is not rooted in politics and cannot ultimately be judged in political terms (or, I should say, we would not accept any judgment of it that made in solely political terms).

    The questions we ask ourselves continually, the answers for which we hold ourselves responsible, are: “Do you faithfully maintain our testimony that war and the preparation for war are inconsistent with the spirit of Christ? Do you search out whatever in your own way of life may contain the seeds of war? Do you stand firm in our testimony, even when others commit or prepare to commit acts of violence, yet always remembering that they too are children of God? Do you endeavor to live in virtue of that life and power which takes away the occasion of all wars?” With Divine Assistance, we pray that our answer is “yes.”

  3. My favorite Quaker: General Nathaniel Greene.

    Greene led the Continental forces against the British forces of Earl Cornwallis in the Southern States. His strategy of wearing down the superior forces of the enemy, without exposing his own inferior forces to destruction, finally led the exhausted British to head for Yorktown. And it’s there they finally surrendered.

  4. Kwattles. Jesus dealt with soldiers as supplicants several times. He never reproached them their profession.
    Many have asked what the Good Samaritan should have done were the mugging still going on when he arrived.

    Unfortunately, it is not possible to separate you out from the rest of the folks when it comes to defending the country–or the citizenry locally from bad guys–which is fortunate for you. And, I would guess, not something of which you are ignorant.

    Perhaps you were not here when we discussed sheepdogs and sheep. One of the issues we discussed is the contribution pacifists make to increasing the chance of war, and Orwell’s famous observation that, effectively, the pacifist favors the fascist.

    What about my point was a straw man?

    Anyway, I don’t think you would be able to manage the discussion in the sheep-sheepdog thread.

  5. Richard Aubrey, I think that’s the case you would want to make, as a sort of straw-man to be easily torn apart. Anyway, I think you understand my point and I’ll leave it at that. Others can chime in if they want to hash it out here.

  6. Kwattles. You can try to make the case that “love thine enemy” means to not inconvenience him while he’s trying to kill you.

    Start right in.

  7. Richard Aubrey’s first comment:

    “This is sort of like modern Christians attempting to fix the just war doctrine. It implies that Augustine and Aquinas screwed up.”

    You could take the same logical approach to Augustine and Aquinas. They attempted to fix the “love thy enemy” doctrine, which implies that Jesus Christ screwed up, I guess.

    I hope neo-neocon gets to the Mennonites and other peace churches, who’ve also been in the pacifist camp for awhile. I recommend she take a look at their Peace and Justice Series, which tracks the pacifist line a bit further back than the Quakers. The Way God Fights: War and Peace in the Old Testament and How Christians Made Peace with War: Early Christian Understandings of War. Good reading, and helpful in understanding Quaker experience as part of a longer trajectory.

    The point is, this issue has been going for awhile. We (all here) are but 1 or 2 generations in a line of more than a hundred generations who’ve been wrestling with it and trying to find a better way. To say that Gandhi or the Quakers haven’t found an easy solution is kind of begging the question, isn’t it?

  8. Kwattles.
    There is a better way. The problem is the other side wants to kill you.
    Until the better way figures out how to deal with the other side, you have a problem.

    During the Cold War, we played a game of chess with the USSR. No particular fight was going to be decisive, but the accumulation would. That being the case, the perceived threat was not immediate.
    T. R. Fehrenbach, in “This Kind of War” goes over the theory in detail, including the point that, if the other guy calls Mate, there is still the option of kicking over the board (going nuclear). He does this in the context of a bang-up history of the Korean War and its origins.
    Example: How important is Cuba? If the ballon went up in Europe, half the stuff we’d need to get over there would go through the Straits of Florida. That’s how important Cuba is. Worse, the resources we’d need to fight the convoys through the Strait would be resources we could use–some of them–in the North Atlantic and the Western Approaches, or in the fighting in Europe. The stuff the Sovs would use would have been stuff not useful elsewhere, short-range missile boats (Komar), diesel-electric submarines, short-range attack aircraft (useful elsewhere, though).
    If the Straits look to the Soviet planners as if they can be shut off, and if Iceland is taken out of NATO’s use for covering the Greenland-Iceland-UK gap, and if, say, Portugal will no longer base NATO aircraft for covering the Bay of Biscay, and Dakar can’t be used to base aircraft to cover the Atlantic Narrows, and maybe a few other items, like a Friend elected president, then the Sovs might think they could win. And if they thought that, they might try. And if they tried, we could have a real problem.
    Try explaining this to a sophomore or a pacifist whose hands are over his ears while he yells “Lalalalalala”.

  9. The earliest Friends included many who had themselves fought a war in support of a particular political vision, a Commonwealth government in England, and they saw where that had taken them so they decided to opt out.

    Over the years since, Quakers have included others who participated in war and then took an honest look at the system of violence that they had endorsed. In the past half century, as a Friend, I’ve known several handfuls of convinced Friends who had served as soldiers in WWII, the Korean War, Vietnam, and other wars since, and when they joined the Quakers, it was with the feeling, “There has got to be a better way!”

    The point is, there are plenty of people who have not themselves experienced violence, who can venture opinions about the merits of organized, governmentally sanctioned warfare. That includes many Friends, and it includes many who support America’s wars around the globe (also a fairly large portion of American armed forces who do not engage directly with the “enemy”). But in a sense there are people outside this middle ground, who have committed themselves personally to killing others, or who have committed themselves personally to *not* killing others, who have something in common.

  10. Very interesting stuff, NNC! Many thanks for doing the research, and writing so lucidly about it.

    I can understand the motivations of someone who supports violence, in a just cause, but can’t bring himself to do it personally. To my mind, that’s simply extreme squeamishness, but I can accept that. You would not want such a person to be forced to hold a gun and guard your back… especially when there are many other useful things for such people to do.

    I would think that such people would be grateful to those who do stand between their beloved homes and the war’s desolation. I hope they do.

    My difficulty arises with people who, with their “war is not the answer” banners and bumper-stickers, essentially say “I reject violence, and so should you”. Somebody’s got to fight off the wolves.

    On a personal note: in basic training, I and my fellow recruits were indoctrinated to use “reasonable force” — which was always defined for us as “the minimum amount of force that solves the problem”. Our standing orders were consistent with that. Perhaps the “pragmatic Quakers” and the warmongering brutes in uniform aren’t that far apart after all.

    respectfully,
    Daniel in Brookline

  11. nittypiig — the farther reaches of Pennsylvania were settled by the more warlike Scots-Irish, who provided a buffer between the Indians — already forced a bit westward — and the more protected coastal regions. The inconsistency of being pacifist while others fought on your behalf was not lost on many eastern Quakers, and the moral dilemna was brought up at many an annual meeting.

    Your identifying of 1756 as a crossover point accords well with settlement patterns.

  12. You’re right, Tatter.
    But about half the country, most of the MSM, all of the left and most of the democratic party disagree.
    The threat can be talked into meaninglessness.
    Therefore….

  13. SLightly off topic, but somewhat analagous. The Pennsylvania Quaker lost political power in 1756 when war erupted along the frontier, and with settlements being destroyed and civilians massacred, the assembly couldn’t agree on how to tax the colony and mobilize a military response. They had held power since the founding of the colony, and never regained it.

    http://www2.gol.com/users/quakers/how_did_the_quaker_peace_testimo.htm

  14. Except, of course, that we are not only under threat by foreign governments, but have been attacked by them. While Afghanistan was the only government that openly supported the 9-11 hijackers, there was a lot of underground support for them throughout the Arab world, especially in Iraq, where Saddam channelled money to them using the Oil-for-Food program and his “terror subsidy” of $25,000 to the families of every dead terrorist that killed at least one Jew or American, including the families of the 9-11 terrorists.

    Just because nobody would admit to attacking us, doesn’t mean they didn’t attack us.

  15. Assistant:

    The following comes from a bit–quite a bit–of resentment. Plus, I think, some reason.

    The distinction is that one calls the cops for a problem happening right now, right here to you.

    In the US, we have not been threatened personally and locally by a foreign power since 1945, or if you have a different definition, 1814.

    That means the threat can be talked into meaninglessness in the usual fashion. Therefore, while cops are okay–as long as one never associates with them other than on cop business or has a relative become one–armies are not because they are not necessary. The threat which armies address doesn’t exist.

  16. I believe most Friends in northern New England tend traditional rather than programmed. Compared to Quakers in other regions, I believe they also tend to connect more to the secular left view of passivism, and come pretty close to old Unitarianism in some ways. I thought that’s what all Friends were like until a decade or so ago: Cambridge liberals who liked the idea of something just a little churchy. I found I am quite wrong in this. Quakerism has had four basic movements, according to their own historians, and individual Friends draw from each in differing amounts.

    It was good to learn that the kind of clear-headed pacifism which recognises that evil actually exists and is not just a misunderstanding between reasonable people still walked under the sun as of 1974, and presumably, has some following now.

    Following Terry’s comment, I have many times in the past few years made reference to the clear approval St. Paul uses in support of governments keeping the peace, with the sword if necessary. Once we grant the police a use of force, what sharp distinction would allow us to forbid an army?

  17. Fascinating history– I used to wonder why the Penn football team called themselves the “Fighting Quakers”– now I know there are some precedents! On a lighter note, the Penn marching band refers to itself on its web site as “The Huge, the Enormous, the Well-Endowed, Undefeated, Ivy-League Champion, University of Pennsylvania Oxymoronic Fighting Quaker Marching Band!!”

  18. Terry. Sounds like a self-identifier. There aren’t many unique marks of distinction around.
    You take the one that works in terms of distinction and don’t worry too much about contradictions or real-world difficulties.

  19. Having been all over the board religiously I ended up in a Quaker meeting nearby in southeastern Pennsylvania. I found them to be staunch in their pacifist stance while at meeting. But they had no problem calling the police over burglaries, car thefts and suck. Nor were they averse in resorting to the courts to enforce contracts, evict tenants, or any number of other things.

    I left one of them speechless when I suggested, out side of meeting, that this was in fact the use of force, i.e. a policeman’s pistol ro a sheriff’s shotgun enforcing a court order on his behalf reallly meant that he was himself initiating violence.

    The subject was brought up the next week in meeting and I was quite surprised that no one had ever brought up the matter within living memory, and there were some pretty old folks in the pews. They addressed the matter in what I took to be the time honored fashion – they formed a committee to look into the matter and the committee never reported back.

    They seemed to rely on Fox a great deal but perhaps never read anything about him. I can tell you that the graveyard has as many American flags on it for Memorial and Veterans Days as any other cemetary around here and it seemed like a good many members were veterans – whether they served as Quakers and weren’t read out of the meeting or joined after their service I don’t know.

    I do know our little town sent a company off the the Civil Was with teh Pennsylvania Bucktails. Company H, The Quaker Company.

    I quit going to meeting for personal reasons, certainly not because the folks weren’t genuine, gentle, kind, and decent people.

    I doubt the foregoing clears up anything.

  20. Nice work. Let me add one more element to your discussion of Quaker pacificsm, an element that applies, I think, to the devout embrace of most any -ism. When A. J. Muste stood up at a Quaker meeting in 1940 and said: “If I can’t love Hitler, I can’t love at all,” he spoke for many “lovers of humanity,” those intellectuals who must love all of mankind, but really don’t much care for individual samples. It’s the “idea” of humanity they profess to love, but if they have to meet a grocery clerk or janitor, their love disappears when confronted by dirty fingernails and irrational love of country or clan.
    They are as irrational as the irrational practioners of war they say they loathe.

  21. anonymous:

    Without going much more deeply (and perhaps interminably) into what I learned in my research on Quakers, one group of Quakers follows the format you describe.

    But there are others (in the US they constitute two-thirds of Quaker congregations) who have a more regular churchlike format–in fact many call their meetinghouses “churches”–with a minister, an order of worship etc. This is called “pastoral” or “programmed” worship, in contrast to “unprogrammed” worship–the older and more traditional Quaker style.

    One thing I have learned is that Quakers are nothing if not individualistic, and there is no absence of disagreement among them.

  22. Richard Aubrey asks: “Do we have any US Quakers today who are both active and believe in the pragmatist view?”

    My answer: wait for part IIB.

  23. A couple of things: Quakers (“Society of Friends” is the formal title) have “meeting houses”, not churches. Their services are unstructured, without formal leadership, and anyone who feels enlightened may spontaneously and extemporaneously address any topic of concern to the community.

    A good friend of mine’s great-grandfather was a Pennsylvania Quaker who volunteered for the Union Calvary, and fought valiantly at Chickamauga Creek in Georgia.

    You’ve captured the latent ambiguities and nuances in the movement well. The most important thing to say is that unlike much of the secular left, which is opportunistic about their alleged “pacifism”, Quakers are sincere in their longstanding beliefs. Good work!

  24. sacrificing others in the cause of peace.
    Well, if they’re sacrificed, there’s not much peace, if we include their fate as not-peace.

    On the other hand, if their fate fills the crocodile so that further aggression can be dismissed with the idea that “something will turn up” in the meantime, maybe sacrificing others is a good idea.

    Unless, of course, you’re one of the others or are responsible for them.

    Do we have any US Quakers today who are both active and believe in the pragmatist view? Or are all we are going to see the “…not the answer.” types?

    It would appear that they’ve dismissed Fox. Ordinarily, the founding figure of a religion gets some respect.

    This is sort of like modern Christians attempting to fix the just war doctrine. It implies that Augustine and Aquinas screwed up.

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